macOS and linux commands:

basic 100 commands :

Here are 100 macOS terminal commands with examples:

ls: List directory contents.
```
ls
```
cd: Change directory.
```
cd /path/to/directory
```
pwd: Print working directory.
```
pwd
```
mkdir: Make directory.
```
mkdir new_directory
```
rmdir: Remove directory.
```
rmdir empty_directory
```
rm: Remove files or directories.
```
rm file.txt
```
cp: Copy files or directories.
```
cp source.txt destination.txt
```
mv: Move or rename files or directories.
```
mv old_name.txt new_name.txt
```
touch: Create an empty file or update the timestamp.
```
touch newfile.txt
```
cat: Concatenate and display file content.
```
cat file.txt
```
echo: Display a line of text.
```
echo "Hello, World!"
```
man: Display the manual page for a command.
```
man ls
```
grep: Search for patterns within files.
```
grep "search_term" file.txt
```
find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy.
```
find /path -name "*.txt"
```
chmod: Change file modes or Access Control Lists.
```
chmod 755 script.sh
```
chown: Change file owner and group.
```
chown user:group file.txt
```
sudo: Execute a command as another user, typically root.
```
sudo shutdown -h now
```
ps: Report a snapshot of current processes.
```
ps aux
```
top: Display dynamic real-time view of system processes.
```
top
```
kill: Send a signal to a process.
```
kill -9 PID
```
df: Report file system disk space usage.
```
df -h
```
du: Estimate file space usage.
```
du -sh *
```
ifconfig: Configure network interfaces.
```
ifconfig
```
ping: Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts.
```
ping google.com
```
ssh: OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program).
```
ssh user@hostname
```

scp: Secure copy (remote file copy program).

scp file.txt user@hostname:/path/to/destination

curl: Transfer data from or to a server.
```
curl http://example.com
```
wget: Non-interactive network downloader.
```
wget http://example.com/file.zip
```
tar: Archive files.
```
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2
```
gzip: Compress files.
```
gzip file.txt
```
gunzip: Decompress files.
```
gunzip file.txt.gz
```
zip: Package and compress files.
```
zip archive.zip file1 file2
```
unzip: Extract compressed files.
```
unzip archive.zip
```
which: Locate a command.
```
which python
```
whereis: Locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
```
whereis ls
```
alias: Create an alias for a command.
```
alias ll='ls -la'
```
unalias: Remove an alias.
```
unalias ll
```
export: Set environment variables.
```
export PATH=$PATH:/new/path
```
env: Show the environment variables.
```
env
```
history: Show the command history.
```
history
```
clear: Clear the terminal screen.
```
clear
```
nano: Simple text editor in terminal.
```
nano file.txt
```
vi/vim: Powerful text editor in terminal.
```
vi file.txt
```
open: Open a file or URL in the default application.
```
open file.txt
```
defaults: Command line interface to the user defaults system.
```
defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES
```
diskutil: Disk utilities.
```
diskutil list
```

hdiutil: Create and manipulate disk images.

hdiutil create -volname MyDisk -srcfolder /path/to/folder -ov -format UDZO MyDisk.dmg

say: Convert text to audible speech.
```
say "Hello, World!"
```
spctl: Security policy control.
```
spctl --status
```
softwareupdate: System software update tool.
```
sudo softwareupdate -i -a
```
brew: Homebrew package manager.
```
brew install wget
```
system_profiler: System hardware and software configuration information.
```
system_profiler SPHardwareDataType
```
ioreg: Show the I/O Kit registry.
```
ioreg -l
```
pmset: Power management settings.
```
pmset sleepnow
```
networksetup: Network settings.
```
networksetup -getinfo Wi-Fi
```

airport: Wireless diagnostics.

/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/Current/Resources/airport -I

csrutil: System Integrity Protection configuration.
```
csrutil status
```
nvram: Manipulate firmware NVRAM variables.
```
nvram -p
```
mdfind: Spotlight search from the command line.
```
mdfind "keyword"
```
mdutil: Manage Spotlight indexing.
```
sudo mdutil -E /
```

sips: Scriptable image processing system.

sips -z 800 600 input.jpg --out output.jpg

textutil: Manipulate text files of various formats.
```
textutil -convert txt file.rtf
```
pkgutil: Query and manipulate installer packages.
```
pkgutil --pkgs
```
tccutil: Manage the privacy database.
```
tccutil reset Camera
```
diskutil: Disk utilities (again for another use case).
```
diskutil eraseDisk HFS+ NewDisk /dev/disk2
```
dscacheutil: Query and manage the Directory Service cache.
```
dscacheutil -flushcache
```
launchctl: Interface with launchd to manage services.
```
launchctl list
```
sudo shutdown: Shut down the system.
```
sudo shutdown -h now
```
sudo reboot: Reboot the system.
```
sudo reboot
```
sudo halt: Halt the system.
```
sudo halt
```
uptime: Tell how long the system has been running

. sh uptime

date: Display or set the system date and time.
```
date
```
cal: Display a calendar.
```
cal
```
whoami: Print the effective userid.
```
whoami
```
id: Print real and effective user and group IDs.
```
id
```
groups: Show which groups the user is a member of.
```
groups
```
passwd: Change user password.
```
passwd
```
crontab: Schedule periodic jobs.
```
crontab -e
```
at: Schedule a command to be run at a later time.
```
echo "sh /path/to/script.sh" | at 12:34
```
bg: Resume a suspended job in the background.
```
bg %1
```
fg: Resume a suspended job in the foreground.
```
fg %1
```
jobs: List active jobs.
```
jobs
```
killall: Kill processes by name.
```
killall Finder
```
nohup: Run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty.
```
nohup script.sh &
```
nice: Run a command with modified scheduling priority.
```
nice -n 10 command
```
renice: Alter priority of running processes.
```
sudo renice -n 10 -p 1234
```
say: Text to speech.
```
say "Hello, how are you?"
```
osascript: Execute AppleScripts and other OSA language scripts.
```
osascript -e 'display dialog "Hello, World!"'
```
diskutil: Disk utilities (yet another use case).
```
diskutil verifyDisk /dev/disk2
```
sudo periodic: Run system maintenance scripts.
```
sudo periodic daily
```
sudo lsof: List open files.
```
sudo lsof
```
dtrace: Dynamic tracing framework.
```
sudo dtrace -l
```
iotop: Display I/O usage by processes.
```
sudo iotop
```
htop: Interactive process viewer.
```
htop
```
vm_stat: Show virtual memory statistics.
```
vm_stat
```
du: Disk usage.
```
du -sh /path/to/directory
```
df: Disk free space.
```
df -h
```
ioreg: I/O registry.
```
ioreg -c IOUSBDevice -l
```
pmset: Power management settings.
```
pmset -g assertions
```
csrutil: System Integrity Protection status. sh csrutil status

linux commands

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